Starting a business with no money and no prior experience may sound like a daunting endeavor, but it’s not an impossible one. In fact, some of the most successful entrepreneurs began their journeys with nothing more than a vision and a lot of determination. Whether you’re a recent graduate looking to enter the business world or someone seeking a fresh start, this guide will provide you with valuable insights and practical steps to help you embark on your entrepreneurial journey. While the path may be challenging, it’s important to remember that resourcefulness, creativity, and perseverance can be powerful assets in building a successful business from the ground up.

How to Start a Business With No Money and No Experience?

Here are some steps you can take to get started:

1. Identify your passion and purpose: Before starting any business, it’s important to identify what you’re passionate about and why you want to start a business. This will help you stay motivated and focused on your goals.
2. Conduct market research: Understanding your target audience and the competition is crucial before starting any business. Research your market and gather data on consumer behavior, trends, and industry standards.
3. Create a business plan: A well-thought-out business plan will help you map out your strategy and make informed decisions throughout the startup process. It should include details such as your mission statement, target market, financial projections, and marketing strategies.
4. Choose a business structure: Decide on the legal structure of your business, such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or limited liability company (LLC). Consider seeking advice from a lawyer or accountant to help you make this decision.
5. Secure funding: If you don’t have any money to invest in your business, consider exploring alternative financing options such as crowdfunding, angel investors, or small business loans. You may also need to bootstrap your business by using personal savings or revenue generated from early customers.
6. Build a team: As a new entrepreneur, you won’t have the resources to do everything yourself. Seek out freelancers or part-time employees who can help you with specific tasks such as social media management, bookkeeping, or web design.
7. Launch your product or service: Once you’ve completed all the necessary preparations, launch your product or service and start generating revenue. Be prepared to adapt and pivot your business model based on customer feedback and market demand.
8. Continuously learn and improve: Running a successful business requires continuous learning and improvement. Stay up-to-date with industry trends, attend workshops and conferences, and seek mentorship from experienced entrepreneurs to help you grow and evolve.

starting a business with no money and no experience is possible but requires careful planning, determination, and hard work. By following these steps and staying committed to your vision, you can build a successful business that brings value to your customers and community.

Is it possible to start a business with no money and no experience?

Starting a business with no money and no experience may seem like an uphill battle, but it is not impossible. In fact, many successful entrepreneurs have started from scratch with limited funds and knowledge in their field. The key lies in being resourceful, adaptable, and willing to learn as you go.

One avenue to explore is the world of online businesses. With minimal upfront costs and the ability to reach a global audience, there are numerous opportunities for those who are willing to put in the effort. You can start by identifying a problem or need that people have and offering a solution through your products or services.

Another option is to find mentors or partners who can guide you through the process. Networking events, industry-specific forums, and social media groups are great places to connect with individuals who share similar interests or expertise. Collaborating with knowledgeable professionals can help bridge any knowledge gaps you may have while providing valuable insights into running a successful business.

While starting a business with no money and no experience certainly poses challenges, it shouldn’t deter aspiring entrepreneurs from pursuing their dreams. With determination, creativity, and continuous learning, anyone can overcome these obstacles and build a thriving business from scratch. So don’t let lack of funds or experience hold you back – take that leap of faith and see where it leads you!

How can I find an idea for my business?

Finding an idea for your business can sometimes feel like searching for a needle in a haystack. But fear not, because inspiration is all around you if you know where to look. Start by identifying problems or pain points that people face in their daily lives. Ask yourself: what inconveniences could be solved with a new product or service? Talk to friends, family, and even strangers to gain insight into the challenges they encounter. Keep your eyes open for emerging trends and changes in technology, as these often create opportunities for innovative business ideas.

Another valuable approach is to explore your own passions and interests. What are you truly passionate about? What are you naturally good at? Combining your skills and expertise with something you love will not only make the process more enjoyable but also increase your chances of success. Consider turning a hobby into a business or finding ways to use your talents in unique ways. Remember, the most successful businesses often emerge when entrepreneurs follow their passion and blend it with market demand.

Lastly, don’t be afraid to think outside of the box and challenge traditional norms. Innovative ideas often come from challenging existing assumptions and finding new ways of doing things. Look for gaps or opportunities that others may have overlooked and consider how existing industries can be disrupted or improved upon. It’s important to keep an open mind as great ideas can come from unexpected places.

What are the skills I need to master to have success in business?

When starting a business with no money and no experience, it’s essential to know which skills to prioritize for success. Firstly, a sharp and strategic mindset is crucial. As an entrepreneur, you need to think analytically and creatively, finding innovative solutions to problems while keeping an eye on the bigger picture.

Additionally, excellent communication skills are vital for building relationships with clients, investors, and employees. Effective communication allows you to convey your ideas clearly and persuasively, enabling you to inspire others and gain their trust. Moreover, being a good listener is just as important as being able to articulate your thoughts; understanding the needs of your audience helps tailor your products or services accordingly.

Furthermore, mastering the art of time management will be invaluable in balancing competing priorities effectively. As a new business owner working with limited resources, time becomes an incredibly valuable asset that must be used wisely. Learning how to delegate tasks efficiently while staying focused on the most critical aspects of your business will significantly impact productivity levels.

In conclusion, starting a business from scratch requires several key skills that can be developed over time such as strategic thinking ability for problem-solving purposes; effective communication skills for building relationships within various stakeholder groups; and finally establishing good time-management habits can contribute greatly towards maximizing efficiency when working under limited resources.

How can I get good at asking questions to find where people’s problems are?

Being able to identify people’s problems is a crucial skill when starting a business with limited resources and experience. One effective way to uncover these issues is by asking the right questions. However, this skill often requires practice and finesse. To get good at it, you must learn how to ask open-ended questions that encourage thoughtful responses.

Firstly, it’s important to approach conversations with genuine curiosity and empathy. When you show a sincere interest in understanding someone’s challenges, they are more likely to open up. Start by asking broad questions about their industry or role, then gradually dig deeper into specific pain points. This allows you to gather valuable insights without overwhelming the other person.

Secondly, active listening plays a significant role in unlocking hidden problems. Pay close attention not only to what they say but also how they say it – body language and tone can reveal underlying frustrations or concerns. Take notes during the conversation so you can reference them later when brainstorming solutions. Lastly, don’t be afraid of silence or awkward pauses during these discussions; sometimes people need time to reflect before sharing their problems fully. Practice patience and give them space to think before jumping in with additional inquiries.

What are some books I can read to learn more about starting a business?

One of the best ways to learn about starting a business is by reading books written by successful entrepreneurs. These books provide valuable insights, strategies, and practical advice that can help you navigate the complex world of business. One highly recommended book is The Lean Startup by Eric Ries. This book emphasizes the importance of testing ideas quickly and adaptively, allowing entrepreneurs to build successful businesses with less resources. It introduces concepts such as minimum viable product (MVP) and validated learning, which can be invaluable for anyone looking to start a business with limited funds.

Another must-read book for budding entrepreneurs is Zero to One by Peter Thiel. Thiel shares his insights on what it takes to build companies that create revolutionary products and dominate their markets. He challenges conventional wisdom and encourages readers to think outside the box when it comes to innovation and building a successful business from scratch. The book also provides valuable advice on finding unique business opportunities and avoiding competition.

For those interested in the world of e-commerce or online businesses, The 4-Hour Workweek by Tim Ferriss is an excellent choice. Ferriss shares his experience and strategies for escaping the traditional 9-5 work routine, focusing on creating a lifestyle centered around freedom and flexibility through entrepreneurship. This book provides valuable insights into automation, outsourcing, and creating passive income streams online.

How can I overcome self-doubt when starting a business?

Starting a business can be an overwhelming endeavor, especially when you have limited financial resources and no prior experience. One of the biggest challenges that many entrepreneurs face is self-doubt. It’s natural to question your abilities and wonder if you have what it takes to succeed. However, allowing self-doubt to consume you can hinder your progress and stand in the way of achieving your goals.

To overcome self-doubt when starting a business, it’s important to remember that everyone starts somewhere. Even successful entrepreneurs had doubts in the beginning. Embrace the fact that making mistakes is a normal part of the learning process, and each setback brings an opportunity for growth. Instead of dwelling on your perceived limitations, focus on building a strong support network of mentors, advisors, or like-minded individuals who believe in your vision.

Another powerful way to combat self-doubt is by constantly seeking knowledge and expanding your skillset. Take advantage of free or affordable online courses, webinars, or workshops that offer valuable insights into various aspects of running a business. By investing time in education and learning from others who have already walked a similar path, you can boost your confidence and equip yourself with practical tools needed for success. Remember that starting a business may not be easy, but with determination and perseverance – even if accompanied by self-doubt – you can overcome any obstacles that come your way. Believe in yourself!

What kind of business should I start?

When considering starting a business, it’s important to think about your passions and interests. Starting a business aligned with something you are genuinely passionate about will not only make the journey more enjoyable but also increase your chances of success. Ask yourself: What do you love doing in your free time? Is there a hobby or interest that could be turned into a profitable venture? For example, if you have a knack for baking or cooking, perhaps opening up a bakery or food truck could be the perfect fit.

Another important factor to consider is market demand. Look for gaps or untapped opportunities in the market that align with your skills and interests. Conduct thorough research to identify what products or services are already available and determine how you can differentiate yourself from competitors. In today’s digital age, starting an online store might be a viable option as well. Evaluate trends and emerging industries to uncover potential niches where your expertise can thrive.

Ultimately, choosing the right business involves balancing passion, market demand, and personal resources. Consider factors such as startup costs, available time commitment, and scalability when making your decision. Remember that starting small doesn’t mean staying small; many successful businesses began as humble ventures driven by passion and hard work. Keep an open mind and explore possibilities outside of your immediate comfort zone – who knows what incredible entrepreneurial journey lies ahead for you!

Can I operate my business from home?

Operating a business from the comfort of your own home may sound like a dream come true for many aspiring entrepreneurs. However, before embarking on this journey, it’s important to consider whether it is a viable option for your specific business idea. While there are undeniable benefits to operating from home, such as reduced overhead costs and flexibility, there are also potential challenges that need to be carefully addressed.

One key consideration is whether your business model can effectively function in a home-based setting. Some businesses naturally lend themselves to being operated from home, such as online retail or freelance services. Others, however, may require more space or specialized equipment that may not be readily available in a residential setting. It’s crucial to assess the requirements of your business and determine if you have the necessary resources at home or if you’ll need to make alternative arrangements.

Another important aspect to consider when operating a business from home is maintaining professionalism and establishing boundaries between work and personal life. It can be challenging when your workspace shares the same environment as your living space, leading to potential distractions or difficulty switching off from work mode. Setting up a designated office area within your residence can help create separation between these two aspects of life and promote productivity.

Overall, while running a business from home offers numerous advantages such as cost savings and flexibility, it requires careful consideration of practicalities and maintaining professional boundaries. By thoroughly evaluating whether your chosen business model aligns with the constraints of operating from home and taking steps towards creating an optimal working environment within your residence,

How much money do I need to start a business?

Starting a business is an exciting venture, but one of the first questions that may come to mind is how much money do you need to get it off the ground. The truth is, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all answer. The amount of money required depends on various factors such as the type of business you plan to start, your location, and your personal financial situation.

While many believe that starting a business requires substantial capital, it’s actually possible to start with little or no money. With the rise of e-commerce and online platforms, the barriers to entry have significantly lowered. You can leverage social media networks and reach potential customers without spending a dime on advertising. Additionally, there are countless free resources available online that can help you learn new skills and gain knowledge in different areas of business operations.

It’s important to note that while it’s possible to start with minimal funds, having some capital can make things easier. Having even a small amount of money allows for investing in essential tools or equipment specific to your industry. It also provides a safety net for unexpected expenses or slow periods in your business. However, instead of focusing solely on how much money you need, it’s equally important to think creatively about ways you can bootstrap your business and find cost-effective solutions for different aspects like marketing or production.

Who is my target audience for my business?

Knowing your target audience is essential when starting a business with no money and no experience. It’s the foundation upon which you’ll build everything else, from marketing strategies to product development.

So, who exactly is your target audience? The short answer: it depends on the nature of your business. Are you selling products or services? B2B or B2C? Answering these questions will help you narrow down your focus and identify the individuals or companies most likely to be interested in what you have to offer.

But going beyond demographics, it’s also important to understand their pain points and desires. What problems do they need solving? How can your product or service make their lives better? By truly understanding their needs and wants, you can position yourself as the solution provider they’ve been looking for.

One mistake many beginner entrepreneurs make is trying to appeal to everyone. This is a surefire way to dilute your message and waste valuable resources trying to reach an audience that may not be interested in what you have to offer. Focus on identifying a niche market that aligns with your strengths and passions – who are those people that will value what you bring to the table? Once you’ve identified your ideal target audience, tailor all aspects of your business towards them: from branding elements like colors and messaging, all the way through sales channels and customer support methods.

How can I identify profitable startup ideas?

When it comes to identifying profitable startup ideas, the key lies in recognizing market gaps and addressing unmet needs. One way to discover these opportunities is by conducting thorough market research. Stay informed about emerging trends, changing consumer behaviors, and advancements in technology that may create new demands or improve existing products or services.

Additionally, paying attention to your personal interests and passions can also lead you to lucrative business concepts. Think about problems you face personally or areas where you have a unique perspective or expertise. By combining your passion with practicality, you can find innovative solutions that resonate with both yourself and potential customers.

Another approach is to observe successful businesses in other industries and see if their strategies or business models can be adapted or applied elsewhere. Analyze why certain companies thrive while others struggle, identify industry patterns, and look for ways to disrupt traditional markets with a fresh perspective.

Remember, evaluating whether an idea will be profitable requires more than just intuition; it involves understanding target audiences, projected revenue streams, marketing strategies, and cost structures. So don’t hesitate to conduct feasibility studies or seek professional advice before diving into a new venture.

How can I find and focus on a growing category (or categories)?

One of the most crucial steps in starting a business with no money and no experience is finding and focusing on a growing category or categories. This will not only help you identify untapped opportunities but also ensure that you have a higher chance of success. So, how can you do this?

Firstly, conduct market research to identify the current trends and demands. Look for gaps in the market where there are problems that need solving or areas that are underserved. Think about what products or services people will need in the future as well. By analyzing consumer behavior and industry reports, you can gain insights into potential growing categories.

Next, consider your interests and expertise. It’s much easier to dive into a growing category when it aligns with your passion and knowledge. Identify your strengths and skills, then explore how they can be applied to an emerging field. By combining your expertise with an expanding sector, you’ll have a natural advantage over competitors.

Remember to stay flexible as well. Markets evolve rapidly, so monitor trends regularly and adapt accordingly. Being open-minded allows you to seize new opportunities as they arise or shift your focus when necessary. With careful research, self-reflection, awareness of changing customer preferences, and readiness to adapt – finding and focusing on a growing category becomes more achievable even without significant financial resources or prior experience.

How can I fill an underserved demand?

There are countless untapped opportunities in the business world, waiting to be discovered. If you want to start a business with no money and no experience, one way to do so is by filling an underserved demand. This means identifying a need or desire that is not currently being met adequately by existing products or services.

To fill an underserved demand, you must first conduct thorough market research. Look for gaps in the market where there is limited competition or where consumers are dissatisfied with current offerings. Once you have identified a potential opportunity, focus on creating a product or service that meets this unmet need effectively and efficiently. This will require innovative thinking and problem-solving skills to develop unique solutions that set your business apart from the rest.

By filling an underserved demand, not only will you be able to carve out a niche for yourself in the market but also gain a competitive advantage over established players who are overlooking this gap. Remember, successful entrepreneurship lies in identifying problems and providing solutions, so keep your eyes open for unexplored territories that can turn into profitable ventures. With determination and hard work, anyone can fill an underserved demand and build a successful business with no money and no prior experience.

How can I network with other professionals to gain experience?

Networking with other professionals is a valuable way to gain experience and start a business with no money. One effective way to do this is by joining professional organizations or attending industry events. These allow you to connect with like-minded individuals who can provide guidance, mentorship, and even potential business partnerships. Be proactive in these settings, introduce yourself, and engage in meaningful conversations. It’s important to remember that networking is not just about collecting contacts but building relationships based on trust and mutual support.

Another powerful networking tool that should not be underestimated is social media. Platforms such as LinkedIn offer the opportunity to connect with professionals from all over the world. By actively participating in industry-related conversations, sharing insightful content, and engaging with others’ posts, you can establish yourself as a knowledgeable individual within your field of interest while simultaneously expanding your network. Additionally, don’t hesitate to reach out directly through messaging or InMail when you come across someone whose experiences align with your goals – genuine connections often begin with a simple conversation.

Finally, never underestimate the value of informal networking opportunities. Chatting with fellow attendees at conferences or striking up conversations during workshops can lead to unexpected connections or partnerships down the line. Remember that networking doesn’t have to be confined solely to professional settings; it can happen anytime and anywhere if you seize the opportunity.

By actively seeking out networking opportunities both online and offline, making genuine connections, and engaging in meaningful conversations, you can gain valuable experience while simultaneously building a strong foundation for your business without any financial investment.

How can I find a willing mentor to help me start my business?

Finding a mentor to help you start your business can be a game-changer, but where do you even begin your search? First, it’s important to define what qualities you are looking for in a mentor. Are you seeking someone with industry-specific knowledge or someone who has experience with starting a business from scratch? Once you have a clear picture of what you need, start reaching out to your network. Ask friends, family members, and colleagues if they know anyone who might be interested in mentoring a budding entrepreneur like yourself.

Another place to look for potential mentors is online platforms and communities dedicated to entrepreneurship. Websites like LinkedIn and Meetup offer networking opportunities where you can connect with experienced professionals who may be willing to mentor or provide guidance. Consider joining entrepreneurial groups on social media platforms as well; these communities can offer invaluable advice and support as you navigate the early stages of starting your business.

Remember that finding the perfect mentor may take time and effort, so don’t get discouraged if your initial attempts don’t yield immediate results. Be proactive and persistent in your search – attend industry events, participate in workshops or seminars related to entrepreneurship – these are all excellent opportunities to meet potential mentors face-to-face.

How can I get funding to start my business?

Securing funding is often one of the biggest hurdles for aspiring entrepreneurs. Fortunately, there are several options available to help you get started with little to no money and experience. One popular method is bootstrapping your business, which means using your own personal savings or income to fund your venture. This approach may require a significant amount of sacrifice, but it allows you to maintain full control over your business and avoid accumulating debt.

Another option is seeking out grants or loans specifically designed for small businesses or startups. Research reputable organizations, government programs, or foundations that offer financial support in your industry or niche. These funds can provide a valuable injection of cash without requiring repayment in certain cases. However, keep in mind that competition for these grants may be fierce, so be prepared to invest time and effort into crafting a compelling application that highlights the unique aspects of your business idea.

If traditional forms of funding aren’t feasible for you, consider taking advantage of crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter or Indiegogo. Crowdfunding allows you to pitch your idea directly to potential customers who can then contribute financially if they believe in it. Not only does this help validate demand for your product or service, but it also provides an opportunity to connect with early adopters who could potentially become long-term advocates for your brand.

How can I incorporate my business?

Incorporating your business is an important step towards establishing a strong and legitimate presence in the market. It not only provides legal protection for your personal assets but also offers several other benefits. One major advantage of incorporating is the ability to separate your personal and business finances, which can help simplify tax preparation and make it easier to track expenses.

Additionally, incorporation gives your business credibility and helps build trust with customers, suppliers, and potential investors. When you incorporate, you are showing them that you are committed to professionalism and adhere to a certain set of rules and regulations. This can significantly enhance your chances of attracting funding or securing lucrative business partnerships.

When deciding how to incorporate your business, consider seeking professional advice from a lawyer or accountant who specializes in small businesses. They can guide you through the process and help you choose the most appropriate type of entity for your specific needs, whether it’s forming an LLC (Limited Liability Company), C-Corporation, or S-Corporation. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of taxation, liability protection, ownership flexibility, and more.

Remember that incorporating your business is not only about paperwork; it’s about laying a solid foundation for growth and success. Take the time to research all available options before making this important decision so that you can reap the benefits for years to come.

What are the risks and stresses of operating a small-scale or lifestyle venture?

Running a small-scale or lifestyle venture may seem like a dream come true – the freedom to be your own boss and build a business around your passions. However, it’s important to acknowledge the risks and stresses that come with this type of entrepreneurial journey. One of the main challenges faced by small-scale ventures is the lack of financial stability. Without significant capital investment, these businesses often struggle to cover operating expenses, manage cash flow, and compete with larger competitors.

In addition to financial concerns, operating a small-scale or lifestyle venture can be incredibly stressful. As an entrepreneur wearing multiple hats, you are responsible for every aspect of the business – from marketing and sales to product development and customer service. This can lead to long hours, high levels of responsibility, and immense pressure to succeed. While passion for your venture can help you overcome these challenges, it’s important to recognize that running a business is not always glamorous – it requires hard work, sacrifice, and resilience.

Furthermore,the lack of experience in starting a business can also add additional stressors on entrepreneurs embarking on this journey.However,the key here lies in being prepared.The more knowledge one gathers about their target audience,demographics,and market trends,the more likely they are able make informed decision thus minimizing potential mistakes.This information is easily accessible through various mediums such as books,podcasts,and online courses.By investing time in learning from industry experts,you arm yourself wih essential tools needed for success.Do not shy away from seeking guidance from mentors or attending networking events where

Can I execute the strategy for my business?

Executing a strategy for your business can be both exciting and daunting, especially if you have no money or experience to rely on. However, before you begin to doubt yourself, remember that countless successful entrepreneurs started with little to nothing but determination and a solid plan. The key is to break down your strategy into manageable steps and approach each one with enthusiasm.

One crucial aspect of executing your business strategy is staying adaptable in the face of challenges. Things may not always go according to plan, but embracing these obstacles as opportunities for growth can set you apart from the competition. Rather than viewing a lack of resources as an obstacle, see it as an invitation to think outside the box and find creative solutions. For example, if funding is scarce, consider seeking out partners or investors who align with your vision and are willing to invest their time or resources into your venture.

Another vital component of executing your strategy lies in building a strong support network. Surrounding yourself with like-minded individuals who share similar goals and aspirations can provide invaluable guidance, advice, and inspiration throughout your entrepreneurial journey. Seek out mentorship programs or networking events specifically tailored for startups without financial backing or experience. These platforms often provide access to experienced entrepreneurs who have successfully navigated similar challenges and can offer practical strategies for executing your own.

Remember that starting a business with no money or experience requires patience and perseverance. It’s common for setbacks to occur along the way but stay focused on your long-term vision while remaining open-minded and flexible in adapting your strategy when necessary.

What are some common reasons why young companies fail?

Starting a business with no money and no experience can be both thrilling and challenging. While many young entrepreneurs dive headfirst into their passion, the harsh reality is that a significant number of startups fail within the first few years. So, why do these dreams turn into nightmares? One common reason is a lack of market demand. It’s easy to get carried away with an idea that seems groundbreaking to us, but if there is no market need for it, success will remain elusive. Therefore, conducting thorough market research and validating our concept before diving in is crucial.

Another common pitfall young companies face is poor financial management. Even if we start with limited funds or no resources at all, it’s essential to keep track of every penny spent and earned. Many entrepreneurs underestimate the importance of budgeting accurately and forecasting future expenses correctly. This oversight can quickly lead to cash flow problems and cripple even the most promising ventures. Additionally, not having a backup plan in case unforeseen circumstances arise can spell disaster for any fledgling company.

Lastly, inadequate marketing strategies often contribute to the downfall of young businesses. No matter how brilliant our product or service may be, without effective marketing efforts, potential customers won’t know we exist. Many new entrepreneurs overlook this aspect due to limited budgets or a lack of understanding about various marketing channels available today. Consequently, they miss out on valuable opportunities for growth and struggle to gain traction in an already competitive marketplace.

Conclusion.

In conclusion, launching a business with no money and no prior experience is an ambitious undertaking that requires careful planning, dedication, and continuous learning. While the road ahead may be filled with obstacles, it’s essential to stay focused on your goals and remain adaptable in the face of challenges.

Throughout your journey, you’ll develop invaluable skills, gain important insights, and build a network of supporters who believe in your vision. Remember that many successful entrepreneurs started with humble beginnings, and their stories serve as a testament to the potential within each of us to create something remarkable from nothing. So, seize the opportunity, take those first steps, and watch as your entrepreneurial dreams unfold. You need to read another article I wrote about >>>> What Are Some Passive Income Ideas? to learn more.

Sarah Shane

As an author writing and creating business courses and articles, I am responsible for developing and delivering high-quality content that is informative, engaging, and relevant to the target audience.

I monitor and analyzes business trends and topics to create courses and articles that provide value to readers and students here. I am responsible for ensuring that all content is accurate, well-written, and met the needs of the target audience.