Ways to Make Money Teaching Sewing Skills

Are you passionate about sewing and looking for ways to turn your skills into a source of income? Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced sewer, there are numerous opportunities to make money with your sewing skills. From teaching others to offering custom work, the possibilities are endless. In this article, we will explore different ways to monetize your sewing skills and provide tips to help you get started on your sewing business journey.

Here are 30 different ways to make money teaching sewing skills:

Sell handmade clothing
Start an Etsy shop
Offer clothing alterations
Create customized costumes
Sew baby accessories
Make and sell home decor items
Sell quilts and blankets
Create and sell patterns
Offer sewing classes in person
Teach sewing classes online
Host sewing parties
Offer private sewing lessons
Create and sell sewing tutorials
Make and sell accessories like bags and purses
Sew and sell pet accessories
Create and sell doll clothes
Sew and sell stuffed animals
Offer embroidery services
Create and sell personalized gifts
Sew and sell cosplay costumes
Create and sell historical costumes
Offer sewing machine repair services
Sew and sell swimwear
Create and sell lingerie
Sew and sell dance costumes
Offer sewing services for theatrical productions
Sew and sell activewear
Create and sell home organization items
Sew and sell reusable cloth products like napkins and towels
Teach others how to sew and start their own sewing businesses.

These are just a few of the many ways to make money teaching sewing skills. With creativity and dedication, the possibilities are endless.

How do I start teaching sewing?

To start teaching sewing, first decide what type of sewing you want to teach – garment sewing, quilting, embroidery, etc. Gather any samples of your work to show students. Prepare a curriculum on sewing basics like choosing fabric, reading patterns, cutting, fitting, and finishing. Set up a dedicated sewing space in your home or rent a studio.

Purchase sewing machines, tools, and supplies for students. Market your classes through social media, local craft stores, community centers. Consider offering beginner and advanced level classes. Price classes competitively and be clear on provided materials.

Welcome students and cover sewing safety. Start with basic hand stitches then work up to machine sewing. Keep classes small for individual attention. Stay patient and encourage creativity in your students.

Is sewing a good way to make money?

Sewing can be a good way to make money through several avenues:

Teaching sewing classes – Charge per student or package deals. Income from classes can add up quickly.
Selling handmade items online – Market tomes, clothing, accessories on Etsy, eBay, or your own website. Price items to make a profit.
Custom sewing or alterations – Advertise your services to create custom designs or do fittings and alterations. Charge hourly rates.
Writing sewing patterns – Self-publish patterns online on sites like Etsy. Earn royalties on each pattern sold.
Entering contests – Win prize money by entering finished projects in sewing competitions.
Blog ads – Earn income by featuring sponsors and ads on a sewing blog or YouTube channel.

The key is to utilize your skills, market yourself, and set reasonable rates. Sewing takes time so focus on quality over quantity. Overall, sewing can definitely be a fulfilling way to make money if you find your niche.

Is a sewing business profitable?

Launching a profitable sewing business is achievable with careful planning and execution. Key factors that influence profitability include:

Managing costs – Buy supplies at wholesale, minimize wasted materials, work from home to save on space rental.
Pricing strategically – Price products and services to earn a gross profit margin of 50-60%.
Offering services – Expand income streams by offering sewing lessons, alterations, custom work.
Marketing effectively – Promote business through social media, in-person sales, an online shop. Build brand recognition.
Staying efficient – Develop streamlined production systems so time equals money. Invest in tools that speed up work.
Providing quality – Focus on flawless products and excellent service to retain customers.
Accounting correctly – Track all business costs and income. Write off eligible expenses. Pay quarterly taxes.
Expanding slowly – Start small and reinvest profits to grow rather than overextend.

With attention to keeping overhead costs low while maximizing sales opportunities, sewing businesses can absolutely attain steady profits over time.

How much should I charge to teach sewing?

When determining rates for teaching sewing classes, consider the following factors:

Class length – Charge more for longer, multi-session classes. Example: $15-20/hour for 1-2 hour classes.
Skill level – Beginner classes can be priced lower than advanced technique classes.
Number of students – Charge per student for group classes based on class size. Example: $50/student for a group of 5-10.
Private vs. group – Price private lessons higher, from $25-50/hour.
Materials fee – Add a supply fee if you provide fabric, tools, etc.
Travel – Increase rates if traveling to students’ homes or remote locations.
Your expertise – More experienced teachers can charge rates on the higher end of the range.

On average, rates of $20-40 per student for a two-hour group class are common. Consider offering discounts for purchasing multiple class packages. Ensure your rates cover your time and expenses while remaining market competitive.

What skills do you need to be a sewing teacher?

To be an effective sewing teacher, these skills are very helpful:

Expert sewing skills – From hand-stitching to complex machine sewing, you need excellent technique.
Deep knowledge of fabrics, tools – Understand how materials behave and how to use sewing machines and notions.
Strong technical skills – Learn garment construction, patternmaking, fitting adjustments, and finishing.
Patience – Teaching beginners requires patience and encouragement.
Communication ability – Clearly explain techniques step-by-step and troubleshoot issues.
Organization – Plan structured lessons and keep classroom organized.
Business savvy – Market classes, handle payments, purchase supplies.
Enthusiasm – Passion for sewing is contagious to students.
Creativity – Develop fun, engaging projects to appeal to students’ interests.
Time management – Prepare lessons efficiently and manage class timing.

Develop these sewing, communication, and business skills through education, experience, and natural talent for teaching. Stay up-to-date on the latest industry trends. Your skillset directly impacts student success.

Is sewing a skill or talent?

Sewing is a skill that requires learned technique but also benefits from natural talent. Like any art or craft, certain innate abilities can help someone excel at sewing, but consistent practice is key to mastering this skill.

Aspects of sewing that rely on skill include:

Operating a sewing machine
Following patterns accurately
Cutting fabric cleanly and evenly
Achieving proper tension, stitch length, neatness
Finishing raw edges cleanly
Executing hand stitches like basting, hemming, buttons

Talent can help with:

Visualizing designs and patterns
Understanding fabric behaviors and compatibilities
Combining colors, prints, textures pleasingly
Precision fine motor skills for detail work
Fitting garments for optimal shape and drape
Creativity and problem solving with patterns

Most people can learn fundamental sewing skills over time. But having an eye for design and workmanship along with dexterity gives sewists an edge. Nurture your talents as you build skills. Sewing mastery is within reach with dedication to quality and practice.

Is sewing a valuable skill?

Yes, sewing is absolutely a valuable skill for many reasons:

Custom clothing – Sewing allows you to create garments and home decor that match your personal style and fit your body just right. Well-fitting clothes improve confidence.
Saves money – Sewing your own clothes, curtains, etc. is cheaper than buying retail. You control costs.
Express creativity – Sewing provides an outlet for innovation and artistry through fabrics, designs, embellishments.
Handmade gifts – Make unique gifts for loved ones like blankets, toys, bags, quilts, clothing. Much more meaningful.
Clothing fixes – Mend and alter your wardrobe to refresh clothes and avoid waste. Update styles.
Relaxing hobby – Sewing requires focused attention which reduces stress and improves well-being.
Potential business – Turn sewing skills into income through selling handmade items, teaching lessons, other services.
Useful life skill – Sewing has practical applications for households like making aprons, placemats, repairing ripped seams.

In today’s fast fashion world, sewing allows self-sufficiency and sustainability. Sewing skills enrich lives creatively and financially.

Is sewing a good small business?

Sewing can make an excellent small business with low startup costs, flexibility, and profit potential from a range of products and services. Reasons a sewing business is a smart opportunity:

Low overhead – You can begin a sewing business from home with minimal equipment. Saves on renting space.
Build on existing skills – No need to start from scratch if you already know how to sew well.
Personalized products – Custom and one-of-a-kind items appeal to customers vs. mass-production.
Accessible ecommerce – Easy to set up an online sewing shop through platforms like Etsy or Shopify.
Multiple revenue streams – Sell products, offer sewing/alteration services, teach classes.
High profit margins – Handmade items can be priced favorably since you control costs.
Creativity and flexibility – Sewing lets you innovate designs and set your own schedule.
Scalable over time – Can start small part-time and expand as you build up your business.
Fulfilling work – Sewing to earn income combines personal joy and financial gain.

With the right business plan, sewing skills convert nicely into a small, rewarding and potentially lucrative business venture. Give your passion purpose through a sewing enterprise.

How many months to learn sewing?

The time it takes to learn sewing depends on your goals and how quickly you build skills, but a general timeframe is:

Basic hand sewing – 1-2 months
Simple machine operation – 1-3 months
Basic garment construction – 3-6 months
Intermediate skills – 6-12 months
Advanced skills – 1-2+ years

In 1-2 months, you can learn hand stitches for mending and simple projects. Machine operation for straight stitching and making items like totes, placemats takes 1-3 months with regular practice. Garment sewing skills like inserting zippers, darts, and working with patterns take longer at 3-6 months.

After 6-12 months, you’ll have intermediate skills for sewing garments, soft furnishings, and tackling adjustments. Expert skills like tailored suits, complex draping and design take many years to develop.

Set milestones and sew daily working on technique. Take classes to supplement self-teaching. It’s a gradual, rewarding process of accumulated knowledge. In 6-12 months you can gain decent skill, but view sewing as a lifelong craft with always more to learn.

What are the benefits of learning to sew?

Learning to sew provides many excellent benefits:

Custom-fitted clothing – Sew clothes for your exact size and taste. Better fit boosts confidence.
Cost savings – Sewing your own items is cheaper than buying retail. Control fabrics/costs.
Creative outlet – Design and handcraft unique items that express your style.
Useful life skill – Practical for mending, alterations, home decor, gifts.
Relaxing hobby – Sewing requires focus which reduces stress.
Potential business – Sell handmade creations, offer services like teaching.
Confidence boost – Sewing builds technical skills and pride in handmade items.
Sustainability – Sewn and mended items last longer and reduce waste.
Quality over fast fashion – Carefully made items far outlast cheap, mass manufacturing.
Customization – Sew clothes, accessories, home decor in any print, color, style.
Self-sufficiency – Reduce reliance on stores for personalized items.

Learning this practical and artistic craft opens up many possibilities for creativity, personal use or earning income. The sense of fulfillment from making quality handmade objects is invaluable.

Can you earn a living from sewing?

There are certainly ways to earn a full-time living from sewing, including:

Selling handmade products online – Market bags, clothing, toys, quilts, masks, etc through Etsy, eBay, or your own ecommerce site.
Teaching sewing – Offer group classes for kids/adults, private lessons, sell video tutorials.
Taking custom orders – Make custom clothes, window treatments, slipcovers, costumes, etc.
Alteration services – Advertise clothing adjustment and mending services.
Writing books/patterns – Publish and sell your own patterns, technique books.
Entering contests – Win cash prizes by entering your work in sewing competitions.
Getting corporate contracts – Approach stores, manufacturers about producing products.
Freelance design – Work as a pattern maker, sample sewer, or costume designer.

The key elements are developing diverse income streams, marketing/selling creatively, providing excellent products and services, and building your reputation over time. Turn your sewing passion into profit.

Can sewing become a career?

Sewing can definitely become a rewarding, lifelong career with some education and experience in specialty areas like:

Fashion designer – Create original clothing and accessory designs for the apparel industry. Learn patternmaking and illustration. Attend a design college. Apprentice under a designer to gain expertise.
Custom dressmaker/tailor – Make custom garments and do alterations for individual clients. Train in fit, precision sewing, draping. Build a clientele through referrals and advertising.
Textile designer – Design prints, weaves and dye techniques for fabrics. Usually requires a degree in textiles science and art study.
Costume designer – Create costumes for theatre, dance, historical reproductions, etc. Broad sewing skills plus knowledge of fabrics, history, and costumes needed.
Home décor sewing – Specialize in window treatments, bedding, cushions for residential and commercial clients. Upholstery skills necessary.
Quilter – Design and produce quilts for sale, publish patterns, win shows, teach quilting. Learn piecing, longarm quilting.

With passion and persistence, sewing can become a fulfilling and stable career. Get proper training, practice skills, and market creatively.

What are the disadvantages of sewing business?

Some potential disadvantages to be aware of with a sewing business include:

Time investment – Sewing is labor intensive. Making items by hand is not fast. Managing time is crucial.
Physical demands – Sitting for long periods and repeating motions can cause body strain. Proper ergonomics is key.
Inconsistent income – Sales may fluctuate seasonally. Need financial planning and marketing discipline.
Self-employment taxes/insurance – Have to pay your own taxes and secure health insurance. Costs are higher.
No paid time off – You only earn income when working. Unpaid leave means lost revenue.
Supply costs – Fabric, tools and other materials represent significant startup and ongoing costs.
Potential isolation – Working alone from home requires self-motivation. Joining a co-op work space could help.
Learning business side – Need knowledge of bookkeeping, social media marketing, photography for ecommerce beyond just sewing skills.

The passion for sewing makes up for the demands. Weigh benefits against the commitment to run a sewing business successfully. Plan for the disadvantages.

How do I get customers for my sewing business?

Some effective ways to attract customers for your sewing business include:

Create an engaging website or online shop to showcase products/services. Optimize with SEO.
Post portfolio samples on social media and interact with potential clients.
Offer promotions like free shipping, first order discounts to incentivize purchases.
Attend local craft fairs and markets to connect personally with customers.
Partner with local fabric shops, alterations shops, fashion boutiques to reach shared target markets.
Advertise in community newsletters, university papers, local business directories.
Print professional business cards, sticky labels, tags for all products.
Ensure excellent product quality and service so customers refer others.
Host open house events and sewing classes to build local awareness.
Distribute coupons, join reward programs to thank returning customers.
Ask satisfied customers for reviews, testimonials, referrals, social shares.
Remain patient but persistent. Building loyal customers takes time and consistency.

With the right mix of online and in-person outreach along with stellar products and service, you can steadily grow a sewing customer base.

What equipment do I need to start a sewing business?

To start a sewing business, some essential equipment includes:

Sewing machine – Invest in a heavy-duty, commercial grade machine for reliability and features. Budget $200-600+.
Serger – A serger neatly finishes seam edges for a professional look. Prices range from $150-$500.
Iron and ironing board – Essential for pressing seams and hems. $20+ for iron, $50+ for board.
Cutting tools – Quality shears, rotary cutter and mat for fabric cutting. $50+
Measuring tools – Tape measure, seam gauge, curved rulers. $20+
Sewing notions – needles, pins, thread, seam ripper, scissors, thimbles. $50+
Sewing furniture – Sturdy table, comfortable chair, storage cabinets. $200+
Mannequin – For draping and fitting garments. $50+
Photography supplies – To photograph products. Lightbox, props, camera/phone. $100+

Quality tools allow efficiency and excellence. Buy the best equipment you can afford and add more over time as your business grows. Invest wisely at each stage.

How can I be successful in sewing?

Here are top tips to achieve success in sewing:

Invest in education – Take classes, read books, watch tutorials to keep advancing skills.
Choose quality materials – Better fabrics behave and sew up nicer.
Master basic techniques – Practice for precision stitches, seam finishes, sizing, construction.
Read patterns accurately – Take time to understand and mark patterns correctly.
Focus on fit – Ensure garments flatter your body’s proportions through adjustments.
Refine pressing skills – Good ironing makes finished projects crisp.
Develop speed – Work efficiently so projects don’t drag on.
Be consistent – Schedule regular sewing time rather than infrequent long sessions.
Set goals – Tackle progressively challenging projects, enter contests to motivate improving.
Join a sewing community – Learn from others through groups, classes, conventions.
Handle mistakes well – Seam rippers help! Improve through failures.
Enjoy the process – Sewing should be satisfying. Don’t rush or get frustrated.

With persistence, skill-building and commitment to ongoing learning, you can gain sewing expertise and success.

Can you self teach sewing?

It is absolutely possible to learn sewing on your own through books, online tutorials, and practice. Key tips for effective self-teaching include:

Get a solid beginner book or ebook that covers sewing basics thoroughly. Read and absorb key techniques.
Watch YouTube channels that demonstrate sewing skills clearly.

Can you self teach sewing? (continued)

Start with simple straight stitch projects like totes, napkins, blankets. Build confidence.
Be very patient with yourself as you learn. Don’t get discouraged. Mistakes are part of the process.
Practice hand stitches like running stitch and hemming until they are neat and even.
Invest in a few good tools that will last – quality machine, shears, needles.
Work through fitting issues on test garments before sewing with good fabric.
Press seams after sewing each step. Good pressing improves results.
Analyze finished objects to see what went well or needs improvement. Apply lessons to the next project.
Schedule regular, focused practice sessions in your sewing space. Consistency builds skills faster.
Once comfortable with basics, try more complex skills like zippers, collars, tailoring.
Keep an inspiration file of project ideas and techniques to try. Pinterest is great for this!

With dedication and structured learning, you can become a very capable sewist through self-teaching. Allow plenty of time to let skills progress.

How do I promote my sewing class?

To successfully promote sewing classes, use these effective tactics:

Create brochures or flyers detailing class offerings. Post in local shops and community centers.
Build a mailing list of past and potential students. Send class announcements and promotions.
Post schedules and registration info on social media and your website. Boost key posts.
Offer first class free or discounts to bring in new students.
Host an open house so prospective students can check out your space.
Partner with fabric shops for student discounts on supplies in exchange for co-promotion.
Advertise in local paper community calendars and homeschooling resource guides.
Ask satisfied students for reviews and testimonials to post online. Word-of-mouth referrals help attract more students.
Offer referral rewards for students who recommend your classes to friends.
Teach samples at craft fairs or schools to showcase your instruction abilities.
Send press releases to media about most interesting class series. Try to get covered.

Promote constantly both online and locally to keep enrollment strong season after season.

What is basic sewing techniques?

The basic sewing techniques every beginner should master include:

Hand Sewing Stitches – Basting, running, backstitch, hemming, whip stitch
Threading the Machine – Winding a bobbin, threading top and bottom threads
Straight Stitch – Straight line sewing maintaining even seam allowance
Seam Finishes – Clean finishing raw edges – zigzag, pinking, serging
Turning Corners – Pivoting fabric precisely at corners for sharp edges
Clipping/Notching – Snipping inward curves so seams lay flat when turned
Gathering – Long basting stitches pulled to gather fabric evenly
Darts – Folding and stitching wedge shapes for shaping
Ironing – Pressing seams, hems, and darts for crisp professional results
Inserting Zippers – Centered application in seam for invisible zip installation
Hemming – Turning up edge and using blind hem stitch for invisible hems

Master these fundamental techniques before advancing. They form the foundation for all sewing projects from garments to home décor.

What type of business is sewing?

Sewing businesses generally fall under these types of small business models:

Sole proprietorship – Owner operates as an individual reporting self-employment income. Simplest structure.
LLC – Limited liability company offers personal liability protection for the owner(s). More formal than sole proprietorship.
Partnership – Two or more owners jointly operate the business and share profits. Requires a partnership agreement.
Home-based business – Many sewing ventures operate out of home studios/workrooms to save on space costs. Zoning laws apply.
Brick and mortar – Some sewing businesses open a physical storefront space for a shop, classroom, or studio open to customers.
Online business – Many sewing businesses sell products and services through online shops, websites, and social media. Low overhead e-commerce model.

Consider costs, paperwork, liability protection and goals when determining the optimal business structure for your sewing venture.

What can I make to sell with sewing?

Many types of sewn products can sell well either online or to local customers, including:

Clothing – Dresses, skirts, tops, jackets, coats, infant/kids clothes
Accessories – Purses, bags, wallets, hats, headbands, scarves
Home décor – Quilts, pillows, curtains, table linens, cushions
Toys and dolls – Stuffed animals, rag dolls, children’s playthings
Pet items – Beds, collars, leashes, clothing, toys for pets
Costumes – Halloween, dance, theater, historical costumes
Face masks – Fashion and protective face coverings
Undergarments – Bras, underwear, slips, loungewear
Organizational items – Totes, pouches, storage items
Gifts – Personalized blankets, baby items, embroidered items
Patched/mended/upcycled items – Vintage finds, recycled materials into new items

Select your best, most unique products in colors and fabrics that appeal to your target customer. Quality and specialty products have the highest perceived value for pricing.

Is sewing a hard skill?

Sewing has elements of both art and science which makes mastery challenging but attainable. Key considerations regarding the difficulty of sewing skills include:

Initial learning curve – Basic sewing requires coordination and practice before achieving good technique and results.
Physical dexterity – Good fine motor skills allow the necessary hand-eye coordination for sewing tasks.
Technique precision – Clean straight stitches, accurate seam allowances, and tailoring steps require great care, precision.
Spatial visualization – Ability to interpret flat patterns into 3D garments takes spatial reasoning.
Problem-solving – Evaluating fit issues, working with challenging fabrics, or pattern adjustments requires analytical thinking.
Tools experience – Learning how to use sewing machines, sergers, other tools takes repeated use.
Material behaviors – The variability of fabrics and how to control them poses a constant challenge.

Like any complex skill, expect sewing to take significant time and repetition to reach mastery. Break down techniques step-by-step and celebrate small victories along the journey.

How do I start a budget for sewing?

To start a sewing budget, follow these steps:

Itemize fixed costs like a sewing machine, furniture, subscriptions. Estimate one-time setup expenses.
Break down variable operating expenses – fabric, patterns, notions, thread, electricity. Analyze typical amounts you spend regularly in each category.
Research potential earnings from products or services and sales goals. This determines how much you can reinvest.
Based on costs and earnings estimates, set a realistic budget for fixed and variable expenses. Allow for both essentials and discretionary categories.
Track every expense diligently for at least 2-3 months as you get started. Tweak budget if needed.
Set up separate sewing accounts/credit card to simplify tracking income vs. expenses. Automate payments where possible.
Analyze sales and costs monthly. Adjust variable budgets up or down. Look for ways to improve profit margins.
Save for large future purchases like equipment upgrades rather than charging.
Use budgets to maximize resources for growth while minimizing unnecessary costs.

With good accounting practices, you can keep sewing budgets on point and moving in the right direction.

What will you do to make your sewing time profitable?

Here are effective ways to maximize profitability from sewing time:

Set hourly rates for products to ensure adequate earnings after material costs. Price services competitively.
Batch produce items or pre-kit materials whenever possible for efficiency. Avoid constant switching between tasks and projects.
Invest in tools, furniture, organization systems for ergonomic and time-saving workflow.
Schedule focused sessions in your studio dedicated only to sewing work, not distractions.
Apply lean manufacturing principles to streamline processes by eliminating waste and optimizing workflow.
Listen to podcasts or audio lessons while doing repetitive tasks to make the time more productive.
Block off high-energy morning hours for your most challenging or creative tasks when you can focus best. Save repetitive tasks for when energy levels taper off.
Calculate how long tasks/projects take you. Set production schedules and deadlines based on your current speed.
Outsource specialized tasks like photography, shipping, or administrative work where beneficial to free up more sewing time.
Continuously refine your skills through practicing efficient techniques and motion. Small speed gains add up.

Your mindset, scheduling, and focus determine profit generated from each minute and hour spent sewing. Value your time and efforts.

What are your good habits in sewing?

Some of my best habits that improve sewing results include:

Pressing after each step – Crisply ironing seams, darts, and hems makes projects look professional.
Finishing seam allowances – Zigzag or serge inner edges so they don’t fray or unravel while working.
Pinning and basting first – Taking the time to properly cut, pin, and baste improves quality and reduces mistakes.
Staying organized – Keeping tools and workspace tidy helps workflow and productivity.
Reading instructions thoroughly – Fully understanding patterns and process before starting avoids errors.
Checking fit early – Basting together and doing early fit checks saves effort versus fixing problems later.
Sewing in shorter sessions – Taking focused breaks helps me stay concentrated and attentive.
Winding bobbins first – Starting projects with pre-wound bobbins prevents interruptions halfway through sewing.
Shopping fabric thoughtfully – Planning projects and feeling/drape testing fabrics ensures the right materials.
Starting simple – Building skills on basic patterns before attempting advanced techniques gives confidence.

Developing consistent methods that set you up for sewing success is key. Practice makes perfect!

Conclusion:

In conclusion, sewing skills can be a valuable asset when it comes to making money. Whether you choose to teach others, offer custom sewing services, or explore other avenues such as pattern making or home decor, there are plenty of opportunities to turn your passion for sewing into a profitable business.

Ways to Make Money Teaching Sewing Skills

With dedication, creativity, and a solid business plan, you can make money doing what you love. So, why not start your sewing business today and embark on a rewarding journey of creativity and entrepreneurship? Consider reading other articles about money making ways like >>>>>>> Can Soap Making Make Money Selling Supplies? to learn more.

Sarah Shane

As an author writing and creating business courses and articles, I am responsible for developing and delivering high-quality content that is informative, engaging, and relevant to the target audience.

I monitor and analyzes business trends and topics to create courses and articles that provide value to readers and students here. I am responsible for ensuring that all content is accurate, well-written, and met the needs of the target audience.